Celebrations are taking place around the country on the day the Queen turns 90.
Crowds lined the streets in Windsor as the monarch took part in a walkabout, and royal gun salutes have been fired from each of the UK's capital cities.
Crowds lined the streets in Windsor as the monarch took part in a walkabout, and royal gun salutes have been fired from each of the UK's capital cities.
The Prince of Wales recorded a special radio broadcast for the day, in which he read an edited passage from William Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
On Twitter, the Queen thanked senders of "#HappyBirthdayYourMajesty" tweets.
Follow the day's live events as Queen turns 90
In another tweet, the Queen said: "I send my best wishes to those who are celebrating their 90th birthday...on this shared occasion, I send my warm congratulations to you."
The Queen, who was accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh during her walkabout in Windsor, was presented with a birthday cake at the Guildhall by the Great British Bake Off champion Nadiya Hussain, who had created an orange drizzle cake with a butter cream and marmalade filling.
The monarch unveiled a plaque marking The Queen's Walkway - a 6.3km trail that links 63 significant points in Windsor.
The trail was designed to recognise the moment the monarch broke the record on 9 September 2015 held by her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria by being on the throne for 63 years and seven months.
The Queen will light symbolic beacons in Windsor later.
Most of the gun salutes were due to be 21 shots - the standard royal gun salute - at locations including Hillsborough Castle, Cardiff Castle, and Edinburgh Castle.
In London, the King's Troop Royal Horse Artillery staged a 41-gun salute at midday in Hyde Park. And the Honourable Artillery Company will fire a 62-gun salute across the Thames from the Tower of London at 13:00 BST.
The Queen had been "a rock of strength for our nation" and the Commonwealth, Prime Minister David Cameron said, as he and fellow politicians paid tribute in the House of Commons.
Mr Cameron said: "Her Majesty The Queen has lived through some extraordinary times in our world.
"From the Second World War... to the rations with which she bought the material for her wedding dress.
"From presenting the World Cup to England at Wembley in 1966 to man landing on the moon three years later.
"From the end of the Cold War to peace in Northern Ireland.
"Throughout it all, as the sands of culture shift and the tides of politics ebb and flow, Her Majesty has been steadfast - a rock of strength for our nation, for our Commonwealth and on many occasions for the whole world."
The reading by Prince Charles, which has been broadcast by the BBC, is an extract from a speech by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer to King Henry VIII after the birth of the future Queen Elizabeth I.
Addressing the fifth convocation of Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University here, he said this is a century of knowledge and whenever there has been an era of knowledge, India has shown the way.
"India will lead the 21st century because the energy required for the 21st century, which is knowledge and that is with India. India has 800 million youth power which is below 35 years. Dream of every youth can become a progress story for the country," Modi said.
The Prime Minister told the students that the question of "what next" will play on their minds but the person who knows what lies ahead won't need to depend on others.
"Recall what your parents did for you. They sacrificed their own happiness for yours. You may have thought of so much in your childhood but it may not have worked out. Forget that and instead, think of what you have achieved," he said.
Modi said this university has been built with the contribution of millions of pilgrims, many of whom came from far away places.
"Let's pledge that we will do something for the poor, because it was the poor pilgrim who contributed to build this university," he said.
"Our nation is scaling new heights of progress and with such a youthful population we can achieve so much. Dream to do something and not to become someone," he said.
Modi said a unique feature of this university is that while other varsities in the country are run by tax payers' money given by parents, this one is being funded by millions of poor people who come to pay obeisance to Vaishno Devi shrine.